uniform boundedness theorem

[[concept]]
Uniform Boundedness Theorem

Let V be a vector space, B be a {1||Banach space}, and {Tn} a sequence in B(B,V). Then if for all bB we have
{2||$$\sup_{n}\lvert \lvert T_{n}b \rvert \rvert < \infty$$}
(ie the sequence is {2||pointwise bounded}) then we have
{3||$$\sup_{n} \lvert \lvert T_{n} \rvert \rvert < \infty$$}
(ie the {3||operator norms are bounded})

Proof

For all kN, define

Ck={bB:||b||1,supn||Tnb||k}

Then each set is closed because if {bn}Ck and bnb then we have ||b||=limn||bn||=1. And for all mN we have

||Tmb||=limn||Tmbn||

since each of the operators Tm are continuous. And ||Tmbn||k because bnCk, so Ck must be closed.

Now, we also have

{bB:||b||1}=knCk

because for any bB, there is no k such that supm||Tmb||k.

So LHS is complete because it is a closed subset of M, and so by Baire's Theorem, one of the Ck must contain an open ball B(b0,δ0).

Thus for any bB(0,δ0), we have that b0+bB(b0,δ0)Ck so

supn||Tn(b0+b)||k

Then since both b0,b0+bB(b0,δ0), we have

supn||Tnb||=supn||Tnb0+Tn(b0+b)||supn||Tnb0||+supn||Tn(b0+b)||k+k

Thus, rescaling, we have for any nN and all bB with ||b||=1, we have

||Tn(δ02b)||2k||Tnb||4k

ie the operator norm of Tn is bounded for all n, and therefore its sup is bounded as well.

References

#flashcards/math/functional

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Functional Analysis Lecture 3 2025-06-05

Created 2025-06-05 Last Modified 2025-06-05